Glucocorticoid resistance in two key models of acute lymphoblastic leukemia occurs at the level of the glucocorticoid receptor

Schmidt,S.; Irving,J.A.; Minto,L.; Matheson,E.; Nicholson,L.; Ploner,A.; Parson,W.; Kofler,A.; Amort,M.; Erdel,M.; Hall,A.; Kofler,R.; Glucocorticoids (GCs) specifically induce apoptosis in malignant lymphoblasts and are thus pivotal in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, GC-resistance is a therapeutic problem with an unclear molecular mechanism. We generated approximately 70 GC-resistant sublines from a GC-sensitive B- and a T-ALL cell line and investigated their mechanisms of resistance. In response to GCs, all GC-resistant subclones analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed a deficient up-regulation of the GC-receptor (GR) and its downstream target, GC-induced leucine zipper. [Read More]

Glycosylation patterns of human chorionic gonadotropin revealed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and bioinformatics

Toll,H.; Berger,P.; Hofmann,A.; Hildebrandt,A.; Oberacher,H.; Lenhof,H.P.; Huber,C.G.; Due to their extensive structural heterogeneity, the elucidation of glycosylation patterns in glycoproteins such as the subunits of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), hCG-alpha, and hCG-beta, remains one of the most challenging problems in the proteomic analysis of post-translational modifications. In consequence, glycosylation is usually studied after decomposition of the intact proteins to the proteolytic peptide level. However, by this approach all information about the combination of the different glycopeptides in the intact protein is lost. [Read More]